This tutorial is about making/building your own characters/special images and then displaying them on character 16×2 lcd. Generating custom characters or special character images and displaying on lcds of any sizes (16×1,16×2,8×1,8×2,20×1,20×2,40×1,40×2 etc) is not a very hard task. One must go through the internal structure of lcd control set in order to know how…

发光二极管矩阵的形式保持一致constitute a dot matrix display. It is commonly used to display time, temperature, news updates and many more on digital billboards. Dot Matrix Display is manufactured in various dimensions like 5×7, 8×9, 128×16, 128×32 and 128×64 where the numbers represent LEDs in rows and columns, respectively.Arrangement of the LEDs in the matrix pattern is made in either of the two ways: row anode-column cathode or row cathode-column anode. In row anode-column cathode pattern, the entire row is anode while all columns serve as cathode and vice-versa pattern is there in row cathode-column anode. LED wafers are glued to the bottom of the segments and glow when powered ON. The interesting part is that 35 LEDs are controlled by using a combination of 14 pins. Conductor tracks are laid all over the board to power each LED. Let’s proceed to know in depth about how a dot matrix display works.

In 1910 Frank W. Wood made a board which can display number and after several modifications today it’s called 7-segment display. It is available in two configurations: common cathode and common anode. All the 8 LED terminals have their one end internally shorted and linked with the middle pins such that it serves as a common terminal (cathode or anode). 7 led are used to form the digits while the 8thone is for the dot which helps in identifying the correct orientation. It is widely used in digital clock, calculator, electronic meters and various other applications where numerical display is required. It can be used in place of dot matrix displays which are more complex than seven segment display. Seven segment displays can also be used to display some alphabets. Seven segment displays is a group of Light emitting diode (LED) arrange in figure of 8 pattern.

Many times we use LEDs in order to see binary outputs which are quite difficult to understand. The circuit described below will solve your problem as it will [[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]>display binary code on 7 segment displays, a very common and useful component of digital devices. It is based on CD4511, a CMOS BCD to seven segment latch/decoder and is used in various application like in clock, watches, computer, calculators etc. One thing to be kept in mind with this circuit is IC 4511 is used only for common cathode display. This IC provides the facility of 4-bit storage latch, an 8421 BCD-to-seven segment decoder. It also provides you the facility to check that all segments of 7 segment display are working properly or not (lamp test). For testing, momentarily make the pin low, in short used to test the display. Blanking input is used to turn off or vary the brightness of the display. Latch enable (LE) is used to store BCD codes.

这个项目使用廉价的日立HD44780 16×2LCD to display regional Indian language. These displays are designed for English text only, but they have [[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]provisions to display custom characters. On the LCD, each character is 8 pixels high by 5 pixels wide. Using a custom character designer, regional fonts were converted to hex codes, later to be used in the project. In order to understand the theory behind custom character generation we have to take a look at the memory mapping of HD44780.To display user information on regional language the characters need to be mapped onto a standard keyboard. In this case, the custom characters are mapped to a standard US-EN keyboard. When defining new character set, ASCII values of keys are assigned uniquely to each new custom character in ascending order [order is important as binary search is employed!]. Keep on reading to find out how the circuit is coded and how the connections are made.

The commonly used 16×2 LCD can also display custom made characters besides numbers, alphabets & special characters. Any character can be made to appear on a 5×8 pixel matrix element without knowledge of its ASCII value. The idea explained here demonstrates the principle and operation of a simple LCD custom character display using 8051 microcontroller (AT89C51). When the ASCII code for any character, say ‘A’, is sent to be displayed on LCD module, the module’s controller looks up the appropriate 5×8-pixel pattern in ROM (read-only memory) and displays that pattern on the LCD. There are 8 symbol locations where a custom character can be stored as shown in the following right table. These locations will have a particular bitmap layout corresponding to the custom character. To display an arrow sign, the bitmap values are mapped to a base address location, say 64 (ASCII code 0).

对于任何工程师来说，科学计算器更都是习惯。充满了可以解决复杂的三角学，对数和exponentia的功能。惠普（Hewlett Packard）于1960年代后期发布了第一个科学计算器，众多电子制造商也效仿。最初昂贵且功能受限制的工程师不断地将越来越多的功能挤入了半导体制造行业，而不论制造商不管制造商，大多数科学计算器都在硬塑料外壳中，如上所示。The layout of the buttons is neat and ergonomic so that calculators can be used for long time without posing any risk of strain to the wrist and also ensuring correct key stroke each time, irrespective of the finger size pressing them.Let’s find out what makes this small sized gadget tick.

While we are all fascinated by the touchscreen-market gimmick cajoling us with its ‘Touch away’ tagline, are we actually only at an inch’s distance? This ‘no-distance’ de facto makes sense at the front end only. When given a hawk’s eye, there is another world inside waiting to be discovered, waiting to satiate your knowledge for technology. Well, for the smart gadgets with smart people in the smart world, it’s an uncanny missing out a discussion on Touchscreen Technology, specifically undertaking the Multitouch Technology. The multi-touch or the plural touch is an interactive technique which allows users to interact with the digital environment inside the gadget, directly or indirectly with his fingers or palm. Multi-touch devices include smart phones, touch tables, computer tables, public kiosks, walls, and ‘touchpad’. Well these inverts in touchpad bring us to a minute line of demarcation between touchscreen and touchpad.

在技​​术上称为Visual显示单元的计算机监视器是一种输出设备，它在屏幕上的CPU中介绍了CPU的信息，作为CPU与用户之间的接口。电缆将监视器连接到计算机主板上设置的视频适配器或视频卡。CPU（中央处理单元）将指令发送到视频适配器，告诉屏幕上需要显示什么。视频适配器将指令转换为一组相应的信号，并发送到监视器。监视器包含一个电路，该电路从一组信号集中在屏幕上生成图片。衡量监视器性能的主要参数是亮度，对比度，分辨率，点螺距，响应时间，刷新率和功耗。监视器中出现的常见问题是死像素，模糊的屏幕，磷光器燃烧等。

In 1910 Frank W. Wood made a board which can display number and after several modifications today it’s called7-segment display. 7 segment display is a 10 [[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]pin electronic component with eight led’s embedded inside it to displays number from 0 to 9.It is available in two configurations: common cathode and common anode. All the 8 LED terminals have their one end internally shorted and linked with the middle pins such that it serves as a common terminal (cathode or anode). Middle pin of both sides are shorted with each other which serves as a common terminal. 7 led are used to form the digits while the 8thone is for the dot which helps in identifying the correct orientation. Read more to find out how internal features of 7-segment display and know how it works.

移动LED显示是数字电子的非常活跃的应用。该设备的应用都可以在任何地方找到。从铭牌显示到火车号码显示，使用此显示。功耗比原始显示少70％。使用此显示的主要优点是在显示屏上显示的信息可以通过更改微控制器中的程序来轻松更改。并且在显示按摩期间也可以动画。毫无疑问，这在高级社会中是可以接受的。该设备还有另一个优点，即成本效益较低。该设备中使用的LED为红色LED，波长为660nm。因此，可以从非常高的距离看到显示按摩。

The 16×2 character LCD can work in two modes, namely, 8-bit and 4-bit. These modes basically correspond to the number of data pins used in interfacing LCD. 8-[[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]bit mode uses all the data lines and has been explained in LCD interfacing with PIC18F4550. In 4-bit mode, only four data pins of LCD are connected to the controller. This mode, thus, saves four pins of the controller unlike 8-bit mode. The configuration and display method of LCD in 4-bit mode has been explained here. The 8-bit mode of LCD interfacing with PIC has been explained earlier. In the 4-bit mode the (8-bit) data/command is sent in nibble (four bits) format to LCD. The higher nibble is sent first followed by the lower nibble. In 4-bit mode only four data pins (D4-D7) of LCD are connected to the controller. The control pins (RS, RW and EN) are connected the same way as in 8-bit mode.

The 16×2 character LCD can also be used to display custom characters other than numerals, alphabets & special characters. Refer LCD interfacing with PIC. Some [[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]special shapes like hearts, arrows, smileys etc. can easily be displayed on the 5×8 pixel pattern of character LCD. These shapes are first stored at a special location in LCD’s controller and then displayed on the LCD module. This procedure has been explained here by using PIC18F4550. The special characters are generated by bit-mapping of LCD’s 5×8 bit pixel matrix. Refer Creating custom characters on LCD using 8051 for more details on bitmap generation and storing custom values in custom generator (CG) RAM of LCD’s controller. The mikroC IDE provides LCD Custom Character tool to create the bitmap of user defined custom character. Read further to know how are the characters created.

名称建议的图形LCD是一种可以显示图形的LCD。任何数据的图形表示都呈现出良好的理解。可以通过使用图形LCD来设计更多用户友好的应用程序。图形LCD可用于广告板或信息板等。本文解释了使用AT89C52在128×64图形LCD上显示图像的方法。对于基本操作和工作，参考图形LCD与8051的接口。微控制器AT89C52已用于控制图形LCD的操作。此处使用的图形LCD是JHD12864E。该LCD分为两个部分由两个不同的控制器控制。这些部分中的每一个都分为行和列。有关基本说明和编程过程，请参阅与8051的相互交流图形LCD。另请参阅图形LCD上的文本。 Read more to make interesting graphics on this florescent piece of display.

ATmega16 has 32 I/O pins to communicate with external devices. Before interfacing with external devices, these pins must be cofigured as input or output pin. [[wysiwyg_imageupload::]]This article demonstrates the basic I/O operation of ATmega 16 using LEDs. All the four ports can be configured to read an input from some external device or to give output to any external device as per the application. For e.g., a switch is connected to a particular pin, that pin should be configured as input to read the values from the switch (external Device in this case) and if you are connecting a LED to any pin of the port then that particular pin should be configured as output to transmit the signal to the LED (external device in this case). A single port can be configured such that some of the pins of the same port are input and some are output. Read on more to understand how LED interfacing is done with the help of an AVR.