在上一篇文章中,我们讨论了通过核心材料,几何和电压水平对变压器进行分类。变压器也可以通过其应用和使用来分类。首先,让我们探索两种类别的用例 - 电源域中使用的变压器和电子域中使用的变压器。
The transformers used in the electrical domain are classified by their applications as follows:
- Power
- 分配
- 测量
在电子域中,变压器按其操作的频率范围进行分类,如下所示:
- 脉冲
- Audio
- 如果
- RF
电源变压器
电源变压器用于降低60 Hz公用事业线中的线路电压。这些变压器具有多种尺寸,形状和绕组比率。这些可以像房间一样大,并且根据使用的位置,其范围从产生植物和高张力电源线到电器的电源部分,它的范围很大。电源变压器用于将AC电压(通常是向下)从电源线转换为电路,或从电源线的一部分转换为另一部分。这些变压器通常以次级线圈的最大电压和电流容量为特征。
The largest of these transformers are used in generating plants. Engineers can do nothing about the energy losses due to wire resistance and power consumed by the loads. So, they are left with the option to transmit high voltage power over the transmission lines. The higher is the voltage, the lower the current so energy losses are minimized over power transmission. The power transformers at generating plants convert high current low voltages to low current high voltage AC. High energy power plants have bigger power transformers that can transfer power as high as 100 MVA over the transmission line. Medium power transformers have a power rating typically from 50 to 100 MVA, while small power transformers used at local power stations have a power rating typically from 500 to 700 KVA.
电源变压器大于配电变压器。这些旨在具有最大的功率效率,因为这些功率每天24小时仍在加载。这样的电源变压器可以直接连接到消费者,也可以连接到分销网络。大多数功率变压器具有三相配置,而某些小型电源变压器可能具有单相配置。与单相变压器相比,三相动力变压器的昂贵,尽管电力效率很高。
变压器在传输网络的不同点使用。高张力线载有KV或MV的电压,该电压无法直接提供给消费者。部署了电源变压器以降低这些电压,以降低分支点的电压。在网络中进一步降低了降低的电压。最后,通过分配变压器在消费者端供应,将交流电压逐渐降低到三相230V或120V RMS。
小型功率变压器在电器的功率部分中使用,以进一步向下沿AC电源降低到5V至50V的低压。大多数消费电器需要5到12V的运行,而电流消耗量最少。不同的电源变压器具有多种结构,配置和尺寸。
Auto transformers
自动变压器是电源变压器,在公共线圈上具有主要和继发性。初级和次级都在相同的线圈上,并且具有相同的方向。电压通过更改辅助敲击的位置而变化。
单相和三相变压器
电源变压器可以具有单相或三相配置。单相变压器具有一对初级和次级绕组。这些变压器通常在电器中使用,它们以恒定频率转换电压水平。
三相变压器具有相互连接的三对初级和次级绕组。与单相变压器相比,这些变压器在发电,传输和分布中使用时具有成本效益。三相变压器中的初级和次级线圈可以分别具有恒星和三角洲连接的各种组合,例如星星,星形 - 戴尔塔,三角洲 - 戴尔塔或二级绕组的Delta-Star Connections。

Schematic representation of a typical 3-phase transformer (Image:Quora)
分配变压器
分配变压器are used in power distribution networks to reduce transmission line voltages to less than 33KV for industrial purposes and 230-440V for domestic purposes. These are generally used at the end of a distribution network as pole-type transformers and can also be pad mount or underground transformers at the distribution end. They are small in size, are not always fully loaded, and may have dry type or liquid immersed insulation. They may be supplying single-phase or three-phase main supply to the consumer end. These transformers are low-cost and designed to have a power efficiency of 50 to 70 percent.
测量/仪器变压器
Instrument transformers are used to measure high-value current and voltage and are used along with low-range measuring instruments as accurate ratio transformers. These transformers convert the high voltage or current to low voltage or current by an accurate ratio such that it can be measured by a typical ammeter, voltmeter, or wattmeter. These can be either current transformers that are supposed to be used with an ammeter or potential transformers that are supposed to be used with AC voltmeter.
![Wordtwist [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)]](https://939506.smushcdn.com/2600043/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Instrument_Transformer-871x1024.jpg?lossy=0&strip=1&webp=1)
A 120:120 instrument isolation transformer showing two polarity marking conventions (Image:维基百科)。
为了测量高价值电压,电势变压器或电压变压器的主要电压连接到供应线,并将供应线电压逐渐降至次要时的安全极限。电压变压器可以是电磁,电容器或光学类型。电磁类型是简单的电线伤口逐渐向下变压器,电容器类型使用电容器电压分隔器,而光学类型则使用光电子组件。
脉冲变压器
脉冲变压器是用于电子设备中用于生成固定振幅的脉冲的小型PCB安装的变压器。这些变压器隔离了数字负载电路,并供应恒定振幅。
音频变压器
通过其操作频率范围对电子域中使用的变压器进行分类更为合适。从20 Hz到20 kHz的频率范围内运行的电子变压器被归类为音频变压器。这些通常是具有层压的E-I核心类似于典型的60 Hz实用程序变压器的小型实用性变压器。这些可以是加速或降低变压器。音频变压器主要用于阻抗匹配,旨在提供几乎为零的电抗性。音频变压器中可以有多个主和次要线圈,可以分开或挖掘中心。
如果变压器
如果变压器用于调整中间频率信号。这些是屏蔽的变压器,通常具有高渗透性的铁氧体芯。
RF transformers
The electronic transformers that are used at radio frequencies are called RF transformers. These can be wire-wound transformers like utility transformers or can be transmission line transformers. The wire-wound transformers having a toroidal powdered-iron core are most common. Air-core RF transformers are used for high-power applications. While powdered-iron core transformers have high permeability and self-shielding, air-core transformers are much more energy-efficient, athough they have significant EMI. These transformers are also called broadband transformers and are used for a frequency range from 3 MHz to 30 MHz. At higher frequencies, transmission line transformers as quarter-wave antennas are used. These may be parallel-wire lines or coaxial cables.
变压器的应用
变压器广泛用于电气和电子域。在电域中,变压器通常用于降低电站,分销网络或测量的AC电压。在电子产品中,变压器用于许多应用,例如升级或降低电压,阻抗匹配,脉冲产生,耦合和隔离。
电子域中使用的变压器通常具有其规格,例如主电压,次要电压和电源等级。通常,配色方案确定了主要线圈,次级绕组和中心水龙头的潜在客户。
Activity 12
关于变压器就足够了。现在,您已经非常了解变压器的工作和规格,现在该尝试一些电路了。获取电路图,并使用一些爱好的爱好电路,它们使用了半波整流器,全波整流器,12V或9V对称的台式电源,音频功率放大器和预放大器等变压器。检查这些电路中使用的变压器的角色和所需规范。
Activity 13
Prepare a list of some pulse generation transformers by their part numbers. Download and inspect their datasheets. Figure out important electrical characteristics mentioned in their datasheets that can be useful in their application.
在下一篇文章中,我们将讨论电源。
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